Fig. 1

The context and implementation of complex interventions (CICI) framework.

The framework comprises the three dimensions context, implementation and setting. The context comprises the seven domains: geographical, epidemiological, socio-cultural, socio-economic, ethical, legal, political context. Implementation consists of implementation theory, implementation process, implementation strategies, implementation agents and implementation outcomes. In the setting, the intervention and its implementation interact with the context. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), from Pfadenhauer et al (2017, Implementation Science) [29]