Table 4 Overview of frameworks and models used in the complex health interventions
Category of the framework | Name of the framework (underlying theory if any) | Name of the study | The correlation with three key concepts (adaptability, scalability and sustainability) |
|---|---|---|---|
Process models | EPIS Model | Advancing a Conceptual Model of Evidence-Based Practice Implementation in Public Service Sectors | Sustainability Fidelity Monitoring and Support Dissemination |
Systematic review of the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment (EPIS) framework | Sustainment Adaptation Diffusion | ||
The dynamic sustainability framework (DSF) | The dynamic sustainability framework: addressing the paradox of sustainment amid ongoing change | Sustainability Adaptation/adaptation phase | |
Overview of phases and steps in the process of adaptation | Adapting evidence-informed complex population health interventions for new contexts: a systematic review of guidance | Sustainable Adaptability Scalable | |
Stages of innovation implementation and factors affecting sustainability | A framework for implementing sustainable oral health promotion interventions | Sustainable Diffusion of innovation theory | |
the AIDED model | A model for scale up of family health innovations in low-income and middle-income settings: A mixed methods study | Sustainability Scaling up Dissemination, diffusion | |
triple C model | Implementation of sustainable complex interventions in health care services: the triple C model | Sustainability Adaptability | |
The Scaling Up Management (SUM) Framework | Scaling up—from vision to large-scale change: a management framework for practitioners | Sustaining Adapting Scaling up/expanding | |
PRISM | A Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model (PRISM) for Integrating Research Findings into Practice | Sustaining Diffusion | |
IHI Framework for Going to Full Scale | A framework for scaling up health interventions: lessons from large-scale improvement initiatives in Africa | Scaling up/spread | |
A cross-cultural adaptation framework | A framework for cross-cultural development and implementation of complex interventions to improve palliative care in nursing homes: the PACE steps to success programme | Sustainability Cross-cultural adaptation | |
WICID framework | WICID framework version 1.0: criteria and considerations to guide evidence-informed decision-making on non-pharmacological interventions targeting COVID-19 | Adaption Expanded | |
Greenhalgh et al.’s diffusion of innovation model | Explaining high and low performers in complex intervention trials: a new model based on diffusion of innovations theory | Sustainably Adaptation Diffusion, spread | |
Hybrid Framework | Development and application of a hybrid implementation research framework to understand success in reducing under-5 mortality in Rwanda | Sustainment Adaptation Diffusion | |
Determinant frameworks | CFIR | Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science (CFIR | Sustainability Adaptation Scaling up, dissemination |
chronic care models (CCM) | Factors influencing the implementation of chronic care models: A systematic literature review | Sustainability | |
A Proposed Framework for Success | Scaling Up Global Health Interventions: A Proposed Framework for Success | ||
Conceptual framework of sustainability of interventions implemented in SSA | Toward the sustainability of health interventions implemented in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and conceptual framework | Sustainability Local adaptation | |
Conceptual framework for sustainability of public health programs | An Agenda for Research on the Sustainability of Public Health Programs | Sustainable Adaptation Diffusion | |
Framework of Dissemination in Health Services Intervention Research | Interventions in Organizational and Community Context: A Framework for Building Evidence on Dissemination and Implementation in Health Services Research | Sustainability Adapting Disseminating | |
A Person-Focused Model of Care | A Person-Focused Model of Care for the Twenty-First Century: A System-of-Systems Perspective | Sustainable Complex adaptive systems | |
Integrated sustainability framework | The Sustainability of Evidence-Based Interventions and Practices in Public Health and Health Care | Sustainable Adaptability | |
FRAME | The FRAME: an expanded framework for reporting adaptations and modifications to evidence-based interventions | Adaptation/fidelity | |
ExpandNet framework | Practical guidance for scaling up health service innovations. Geneva: World Health Organization | Sustainable Adaptation Scaling up | |
multiple models | Framework for the establishment of a feasible, tailored and effective perinatal education programme | Sustainability Adaptation Feasibility | |
Conceptual Framework to Prevent Childhood Obesity Through Policy-Level Initiatives in Afterschool Programs | Translating Policies Into Practice: A Framework to Prevent Childhood Obesity in Afterschool Programs | Adapted from other settings | |
complex adaptive system | Moving alcohol prevention research forward—Part I: introducing a complex systems paradigm | Adaptation, complex adaptive system | |
Conceptual framework for evaluating the scale-up and sustainability of digital solutions for front-line health workers | A tale of ‘politics and stars aligning’: analysing the sustainability of scaled up digital tools for front-line health workers in India | Sustainability Adaptability Scalable | |
Classic theories | Organizational theory | Organizational theory for dissemination and implementation research | Adaptation, sustainment, dissemination |
Implementation theories | NPT theory | Normalisation process theory: a framework for developing, evaluating and implementing complex interventions | Normalisation Wide scale |
Evaluation frameworks | RE-AIM | Evaluating the public health impact of health promotion interventions: the RE-AIM framework | Adaptation Fidelity, cost |
Theory of Change (ToC) | Theory of Change: a theory-driven approach to enhance the Medical Research Council's framework for complex interventions | Sustainable Scalable | |
NASSS Framework | Beyond Adoption: A New Framework for Theorizing and Evaluating Nonadoption, Abandonment, and Challenges to the Scale-Up, Spread, and Sustainability of Health and Care Technologies | Sustainability Scale-up/spread | |
A comprehensive conceptual framework for implementation science | Developing a conceptual framework for implementation science to evaluate a nutrition intervention scaled-up in a real-world setting | Sustainability Scaling-up | |
The systems transformation framework (STF) | The Power of the Frame: Systems Transformation Framework for Health Care Leaders | Sustainable Complex adaptive system | |
the Context and Implementation of Complex Interventions (CICI) framework | Making sense of complexity in context and implementation: the Context and Implementation of Complex Interventions (CICI) framework | Sustainability Adaption |