Table 2 Overview of included SRs

Drug treatment: antibiotics

Coxeter 2015 [27]

MOD

Shared decision-making for ARI in primary care

Utilisation^a

Davey 2017 [28]

HIGH

Improvement of hospital prescribing practice

Appr. ^a

Utilis. ^a

deBont 2015 [29]

LOW

Patient information leaflets in general practice

Utilisation^b

Doan 2014 [30]

HIGH

Rapid viral diagnosis in ED

Utilisation^c

Fleming 2013 [31]

LOW

Reduce inappropriate prescribing in long-term care

Appr. ^c

Utilis. ^c

Lane 2018 [32]

LOW

Use of epidemiological data in primary care

Utilisation^a

Lim 2020 [33]

LOW

National interventions for responsible usage

Utilisation^a

Martinez-Gonzalez 2020 [34]

HIGH

Point-of-Care C-Reactive protein testing in primary care

Utilisation^a

Mortazhejri 2020 [35]

HIGH

Patient-oriented interventions for URTI

Utilisation^a

Nabovati 2021 [36]

LOW

Information technology interventions for ARI

Utilisation^b

Nair 2021 [37]

MOD

Outpatient behavioural intervention in LIC & LMIC

Utilisation^a

Nguyen 2019 [38]

MOD

Antimicrobial stewardship in care homes

Appr.^c

Utilis. ^c

O’Sullivan 2016 [39]

HIGH

Written information for URTI patients

Utilisation^a

Raban 2023 [40]

LOW

Nudge interventions in primary care

Utilisation^a

Rajar 2020 [41]

MOD

Antibiotic stewardship in premature infants

Utilisation^a

Siachalinga 2022 [42]

LOW

Antimicrobial stewardship for hospital patients

Appr. ^a

Utilis.^b

Smedemark 2022 [43]

MOD

Point-of-care-tests in ARI patients in primary care

Utilisation^a

Spurling 2017 [44]

HIGH

Delayed antibiotic prescriptions for RTI

Utilisation^b

VanDijck 2018 [45]

MOD

Hospital antibiotic stewardship interventions in LIC & LMIC

Utilisation^b

Vodicka 2013 [46]

LOW

Reduce antibiotic prescribing in children with RTI

Utilisation^b

Drug treatment: opioids

Badreldin 2023 [47]

LOW

Reduce opioid prescribing in postpartum patients

Utilisation^a

Daoust 2022 [48]

MOD

Reduce opioid prescribing after ED

Utilisation^a

Phinn 2023 [49]

MOD

Organisational interventions on discharge

Utilisation^a

Zhang 2020 [50]

MOD

Behavioural interventions post-surgery

Utilisation^a

Drug treatment: antipsychotics

Birkenhäger-Gillesse 2018 [51]

LOW

Psychosocial interventions for BPSD

Utilisation^b

Mokhar 2018 [52]

LOW

Patient-centred care interventions to reduce inappropriate medication

Utilisation^a

ThompsonCoon 2014 [53]

MOD

Reduce inappropriate prescribing in people with dementia resident in care homes

Utilisation^c

Laboratory tests

Dunn 2021 [54]

LOW

Clinical Decision Support Alerts on CD Testing

Appr. ^a

Utilis.^b

Kobewka 2015 [55]

MOD

Reduce laboratory test utilisation

Utilisation^b

Yeshoua 2023 [56]

LOW

Reduce repetitive inpatient test ordering

Utilisation^b

Zare 2021 [57]

LOW

CDSS to reduce inpatient test ordering

Utilisation^b

Zhelev 2016 [58]

MOD

Reduce thyroid function tests

Appr. ^c

Utilis.^b

Diagnostic imaging

Belavy 2022 [59]

MOD

Reduce low-value imaging for low back pain

Utilisation

Dunne 2022 [60]

MOD

Reduce computed tomography in ED

Utilisation^b

Kjelle 2021 [61]

LOW

Reduce low-value imaging

Utilisation^a

Zare 2022 [62]

LOW

CDSS for appropriate use of imaging

Appr. ^a

Utilis. ^a

Other tests

Foster 2020 [63]

LOW

Audit and feedback for ordering in critical care

Appr.^b

Utilis.^b

Takada 2020 [64]

LOW

Reduce low-value medical tests in primary care

Utilisation^b

Xie 2022 [65]

MOD

Reduce medication use and test ordering

Utilisation^c

Other interventions

Baptista 2018 [66]

LOW

Decision aids for prostate cancer screening

Utilisation^c

Chen 2018 [67]

HIGH

Reduce unnecessary caesarean sections

Utilisation^c

Ralston 2014 [68]

LOW

Reduce hospitalisation for bronchiolitis

Utilisation^a

Rietbergen 2020 [69]

MOD

Reduce low-value nursing procedures

Utilisation^c

Sypes 2020 [70]

LOW

Engage patients to reduce clinical care

Utilisation^a

Xiong 2018 [71]

MOD

Reduce unnecessary central venous catheter use

Utilisation^c

Xu 2021 [72]

LOW

Reduce SUPP in Intensive Care Units

Appropriat.^b