Table 3 Effects on clinical practice outcomes across strata for the primary comparison (any implementation strategy vs no active intervention)^a

Study design

 Cluster randomized trials

26

0.70^a

(0.45, 0.96)

90%

39

1.86^a

(1.42, 2.43)

97%

 Randomized controlled trials

23

1.37^a

(0.87, 1.87)

97%

8

2.90^a

(1.77, 4.76)

77%

 Non-randomized studies

21

0.86^a

(0.46, 1.25)

95%

10

2.54^a

(1.50, 4.32)

89%

Study setting

 Hospital (inpatient or emergency department)

51

1.10^a

(0.81, 1.39)

95%

33

2.14^a

(1.70, 2.69)

91%

 Primary care or general practice

7

0.21

(-0.07, 0.49)

75%

8

2.00^a

(1.05, 3.80)

98%

 Nursing home

6

0.15^a

(0.02, 0.29)

3%

9

2.15

(0.96, 4.84)

95%

Clinical behavior targeted for change

 Counseling and advice

25

0.71^a

(0.40, 1.02)

92%

9

1.54^a

(1.09, 2.17)

81%

 Infection control and prevention measures

12

1.32^a

(0.54, 2.09)

96%

8

1.12

(0.81, 1.54)

85%

 Assessing and diagnosing illness

13

1.85^a

(1.11, 2.59)

97%

20

1.91^a

(1.56, 2.34)

75%

 Coordinating care

9

1.05^a

(0.28, 1.82)

95%

11

1.71^a

(1.38, 2.12)

89%