Table 4 Effects of implementation strategies on clinical practice and patient outcomes by subgroup

Strategy including group clinician education (GCE) vs a strategy that does not include GCE or no active intervention

63

1.81^a

(1.50, 2.19)

94%

72

0.96^a

(0.73, 1.19)

95%

13

1.37^a

(1.07, 1.77)

84%

8

0.14

(-0.11, 0.38)

86%

 GCE only vs a strategy that does not include GCE or no active intervention

6

1.81^a

(1.05, 3.12)

68%

13

0.34^a

(0.03, 0.65)

87%

··

··

··

··

··

··

 GCE only vs no active intervention

5

2.14^a

(1.09, 4.21)

74%

10

0.41^a

(0.05, 0.77)

89%

··

··

··

2

0.67

(-0.24, 1.58)

74%

Strategy including individual clinician education (ICE) vs a strategy that does not include ICE or no active intervention

61

2.04^a

(1.62, 2.56)

96%

67

0.82^a

(0.60, 1.03)

94%

11

1.26

(0.81, 1.94)

81%

9

0.17

(-0.02, 0.35)

79%

 ICE only vs a strategy that does not include ICE or no active intervention

5

2.87^a

(1.47, 5.58)

68%

10

0.36^a

(0.06, 0.65)

81%

··

··

··

··

··

··

 ICE only vs no active intervention

3

2.79

(0.95, 8.23)

76%

7

0.44^a

(0.09, 0.80)

84%

2

0.62^a

(0.03, 1.22)

80%

Strategy including reminders vs a strategy that does not include reminders or no active intervention

25

2.44^a

(1.89, 3.17)

90%

12

0.61

(-0.11, 1.33)

95%

8

1.00

(0.76, 1.31)

48%

··

··

··

 Reminders only vs a strategy that does not include reminders or no active intervention

4

2.24^a

(1.00, 5.06)

82%

··

··

··

··

··

··

··

··

··

 Reminders only vs no active intervention

3

2.49^a

(1.08, 5.75)

86%

2

0.17

(-0.66, 0.99)

86%

··

··

··

··

··

··

Strategy including a patient-mediated intervention (PMI) vs a strategy that does not include PMI or no active intervention

9

1.78^a

(1.13, 2.79)

95%

··

··

··

2

0.97

(0.79, 1.19)

0%

··

··

··

Strategy including audit and feedback (A&F) vs a strategy that does not include A&F or no active intervention

22

1.42

(0.94, 2.13)

98%

8

-0.18

(-0.60, 0.24)

86%

11

1.11

(0.74, 1.65)

72%

3

-0.21

(-0.66, 0.25)

62%

Strategy including a tailored intervention (TI) versus a strategy that does not include TI or no active intervention

15

1.90^a

(1.23, 2.93)

99%

10

1.41^a

(0.65, 2.17)

97%

6

1.34

(0.96, 1.86)

79%

4

0.23^a

(0.09, 0.37)

86%

Strategy including opinion leaders (OLs) vs a strategy that does not include TI or no active intervention

15

1.96^a

(1.22, 3.14)

98%

5

0.35

(-0.04, 0.74)

81%

5

0.92

(0.86, 1.00)

0%

··

··

··