Table 4 TMFs reported in included trials

Evaluation frameworks

Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) [85]

12 (42.9)

[26, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 37, 40, 41, 43, 45, 53, 55]

Proctor’s taxonomy of implementation outcomes[86]

4 (14.3)

[27, 29, 39, 50]

Grant et al [84] framework for process evaluations of cluster randomised trials

1 (3.6)

[69]

Practical Robust Implementation Sustainability Model (PRISM) [87]

1 (3.6)

[51]

Determinant frameworks

Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) [88]

9 (32.1)

[25, 26, 34, 40, 42, 46, 47, 52, 69]

Integrated Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (iPARiHS) [89, 90]

3 (10.7)

[28, 32, 49]

Exploration, Preparation, Implementation and Sustainment (EPIS) [91]

1 (3.6)

[70]

Nonadaptation, Abandonment, and Challenges to the Scale-up, Spread and Sustainability of Health and Care Technologies (NASSS) framework [92]

1 (3.6)

[35]

Practical Robust Implementation Sustainability Model (PRISM) [87]

1 (3.6)

[51]

Socio-ecological model [93]

1 (3.6)

[44]

Classic theories

Theory of Diffusion of Innovations [94]

2 (7.1)

[25, 48]

Self-determination theory [95]

1 (3.6)

[35]

Social Practice Theory [96]

1 (3.6)

[54]

Process models

Exploration, Preparation, Implementation and Sustainment (EPIS) [91]

1 (3.6)

[70]

Interactive Systems Framework (ISF) for dissemination and implementation [97]

1 (3.6)

[33]

Implementation theories

Capability, Opportunity, Motivation and Behaviour (COM-B) [98]

1 (3.6)

[35]

Organisation Readiness for Change Theory[99]

1 (3.6)

[60]